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EuroEducation.net The European Education Directory |
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| Turkey |
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Structure of Educational System Pre-higher Education System Higher Education System Administrative structure of higher education Admissions to Higher Education and Recognition |
INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS Types of higher education
institutions: Üniversite
(University) Teknik Üniversite
(Technical University) Meslek Yüksekokulu
(Vocational Schools) Enstitü (Institute) Yüksek Teknoloji
Enstitüsü (Higher Institute of Technology) School leaving and higher education
credentials: Lise Diplomasi Önlisans Diplomasi Diş Hekimligi
Diplomasi Lisans Diplomasi Mühendislik Diplomasi Tip Doktorlugu
Diplomasi Veteriner Hekim
Diplomasi Bilim Uzmanligi
Diplomasi Yüksek Lisans
Diplomasi Uzmanlîk Belgesi Bilim Doktorlugu
Diplomasi Doktora Diplomasi Tip Uzmanlik Belgesi Doçentlik Profesörü STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM Pre-higher
education: Duration
of compulsory education: Age of
entry: 6 Age of
exit: 14 Structure of school system: Basic Type of
school providing this education: Basic Education School Length
of program in years: 8 Age
level from: 6 to: 14 Certificate/diploma awarded: Ilköğretim Diplomasi
(Basic Education Diploma) Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Anatolian High Schools (Anatolu Liseri) Length
of program in years: 4 Age
level from: 14 to: 18 Certificate/diploma awarded: Devlet Lise Diplomasi General Secondary Type of
school providing this education: General High School/Genel Liseler; Anatolian High
School; Science High School, Anatolian Fine Art High School; Teacher Training
High School; Private High School Length
of program in years: 3 Age
level from: 14 to: 17 Certificate/diploma awarded: Lise Diplomasi Technical Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Technical High School/Teknik Liseler; Anatolian
Technical High School/Anadolu Teknik Liseler Length
of program in years: 4 Age
level from: 14 to: 18 Certificate/diploma awarded: Lise Diplomasi Vocational Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Vocational High School/Meslek Liseler; Anatolian
Technical High School/Anadolu Teknik Liseeler Length
of program in years: 3 Age
level from: 14 to: 17 Certificate/diploma
awarded: Lise Diplomasi School
education: Since 1997 (following the new
system which replaced the former system of five years of primary school,
followed by three years of middle school/junior high school/lower secondary
school education), secondary education follows eight years of primary education
and covers general, vocational and technical high schools that provide three
years of education and four in the case of technical high schools.General high
schools do not prepare students for a specific profession but rather for higher
education. The following institutions are considered to fall within general
secondary education: high schools; high schools with intensive foreign language
teaching; Anatolian high schools where a foreign language - English, French or
German - is taught during the preparatory year and the teaching of certain
subjects is provided in that language in upper grades; science high schools;
teacher training high schools; Anatolian fine arts schools; multi-curricula
high schools; evening high schools; and private high schools. In general high
schools, the average number of weekly periods of teaching in each grade varies
from a minimum of 33 to a maximum of 41. In their second year, students in high
schools where the general programme is applied may choose to attend branches
which specialize in the natural sciences, literature and mathematics, the
social sciences, foreign languages, art or physical education.Vocational high
schools provide three-year secondary education, train qualified people for
various professions and also prepare students for higher education. Technical
high schools offer a four-year programme. Subjects offered in the first year
are the same as in the vocational high schools. Secondary education students
obtain the Lise Diplomasi which is the prerequisite for entry to higher
education. Admission to university is centralized and based on the Student
Selection Examination (ÖSS). Those with good grades (minimum 120) are qualified
for the four-year undergraduate programmes. Those who have grades between 105
and 119 can be admitted to the two-year higher education programmes. Higher
education: Higher education is provided by
53 state universities, including 2 higher institutes of technology, and 23
foundations (private universities). The supreme authority for the regulation of
higher education is the Council of Higher Education, which is a fully
autonomous national board of trustees without any political or government
affiliation. The Interuniversity Council consists of the rectors of all the
universities and one member elected by the Senate of each university.
Universities, faculties, institutes and four-year schools are founded by law,
while the two-year vocational schools, departments and divisions are
established by the Council of Higher Education. The foundation universities are
under the supervision of the Council of Higher Education and their programmes
must be regularly accredited.In the universities, the medium of instruction is
Turkish. Some universities use English, French and German as the language of
instruction with one preparatory year. Main
laws/decrees governing higher education: Decree: Basic Law of National Education
No. 1739 Year: 1973 Decree: Higher Education Law
no 2547 Year: 1984 Concerns: Foundation universities Decree: Higher Education Law no 2547 Year: 1981 Decree: Law no 4306 on National
Education Year: 1997 Decree: Law no 4702 on access to the two-year
higher education programmes without university entrance examination for
vocational/technical high school graduates Year: 2001 Decree: Private Education
Law n°625 Year: 1995 Concerns:
Private
educational institutions Academic
year: Classes
from: Oct to: Jun Languages
of instruction: English, French, German, Turkish Stages
of studies: Non-university level post-secondary studies
(technical/vocational type): Non-university
level: There is no non-university
level post-secondary study in the Turkish higher education system. Higher
technical and vocational post-secondary studies are offered in 598 four-year
higher schools and two-year vocational higher schools affiliated to the
universities. They offer vocational training in various professions and confer
an Önlisans Diploma following completion of
two-year university studies and a Lisans Diploma on completion of
four-year university studies. University level studies: University
level first stage: Önlisans Derecesi/Diplomasi pre-Licenciate or Associate
Degree), Lisans Derecesi/ Diplomasi (Bachelor's Degree): An Önlisans Derecesi or Diplomasi (pre-Licenciate
or Associate Degree) is awarded after the successful completion of two-year
university studies. Courses leading to the Lisans Diplomasi require a minimum
of four years' university study. Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine courses last
for five years and Medicine for six
years. In Veterinary Medicine, the professional qualification of Veteriner Hekim
Diplomasi is conferred. In Dentistry, the Dis Hekimligi Diplomasi is conferred
upon the completion of five years' study. In Medicine, the professional
qualification of Tip Doktorlugu Diplomasi is conferred. The graduates of
Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry can directly apply to PhD/Doctorate
programmes in Turkey. The qualifications in these three fields of study are
considered to be the equivalent of a Yuksek Lisans Diplomasi (Master's degree).
In Engineering, a Mühendislik Diplomasi is awarded after four years' study by
universities or higher institutes of technology. University
level second stage: Yüksek Lisans Diplomasi, Bilim Uzmanligi Diplomasi,
Uzmanlik Belgesi: The Yüksek Lisans Diplomasi (Master's Degree)
lasts for two years with thesis and non-thesis options. An Uzmanlik Belgesi (Specialist Diploma) in Agriculture and
Pharmacy is conferred two years after a
Lisans Diplomasi in the same field. University
level third stage: Doktora Diplomasi, Bilim Doktorlugu Diplomasi, Tip
Uzmanlik Belgesi: Candidates must hold
the Yüksek Lisans Diplomasi and sit for an examination. The Doktora Diplomasi
is conferred after two years' study and on completion of a doctoral thesis
(four years). The Tip Uzmanlik Belgesi (specialist degree) in Medicine is
conferred to confirm a physician's advanced skills and expertise. It is
considered to be the equivalent of a Doktora Diplomasi. Teacher education: Training
of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers Primary school teachers are trained in universities
where they must obtain a Lisans Diplomasi. Training
of secondary school teachers Secondary school teachers are trained in
universities where they must obtain a Lisans Diplomasi. Training
of higher education teachers According to the
Higher Education Law (art. 35), higher education institutions are responsible
for the training of their own academic staff, both at home and abroad. There
are various criteria for the promotion of teaching staff members. Non-traditional studies: Distance
higher education Distance education is offered at the Open
Education Faculty of Anadolu University. Entry is on a competitive basis.
Courses last for two and four years. Other
forms of non-formal higher education Non-formal education
is offered by a network of training centres supervised by the Ministry of
National Education. NATIONAL BODIES Administration
& co-ordination: Responsible
authorities: Ministry of National
Education (Milli Egitim Bakanligi) Head: Metin Bostancioglu, Minister Bakanliklar Tel: +90(312)
4186417 +90(312) 4255330 Fax: +90(312) 4177027 WWW: http://www.meb.gov.tr The Council of
Higher Education (Yükseköôratim Kürulu) (YÖK) Head: Kemal Gürüz, President Administrative officer: Tugmac Sayrac,
Vice-President 06539
Bilkent, Ankara Tel: +90(312)
2664725 +90(312) 2664726 Fax: +90(312) 2665153 WWW: http://www.yok.gov.tr Turkish University
Rectors Committee (TURC) (Rektörler Komitesi) Head: Kemal Gürüz, President (ex
officio) Administrative officer: Deniz Ates,
Secretary 06539
Bilkent, Ankara Tel: +90(312) 2987140 Fax: +90(312) 2664759 EMail: can@yok.gov.tr ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION Admission
to university-level studies Name of
secondary school credential required: Lise Diplomasi For
entry to: all programmes Entrance
exams required: Since 1999, the entrance examination system has been essentially based on
a one-stage examination, namely the ÖSS (The Student Selection Examination)
which comprises two tests. One is to measure candidates' verbal ability and the
other their quantitative abilities. ÖSS is usually taken in May throughout the
country in a single session and at the same time in all centres. ÖSS consists
of five parts: Natural Sciences, Mathematics, Turkish, Social Sciences and a
foreign language. Admission is based on the composite scores which take into
account the ÖSS scores and the high school grade point averages. Foreign
students admission Admission
requirements: Students who wish to undertake their undergraduate studies in Turkey must
have completed their secondary education in a lycée or a similar institution in
which the education is equivalent to that of a Turkish lycée. Secondly, they
must take the Entrance Examination for Foreign Studenst (YÖS) which consists of
two tests. The first is the "Basic Learning Skills Test" which
assesses abstract reasoning. The questions have a minimal dependence on
language but explanations are given in English and Turkish. The second test is
the "Turkish Language Proficiency Test" which assesses the
candidate's comprehension of written Turkish. YÖS is usually taken in June.
Foreign students who wish to pursue their graduate/post-graduate studies in
Turkey can apply directly to universities. Entry
regulations: A foreign national needs a student visa and a valid passport. Health
requirements: . Language
requirements: Language courses are organized for those who do not speak Turkish. In
some Turkish universities courses are taught in English, French or German. Application
procedures: Apply to
national body for entry to: Higher education programmes that accept foreign
students. Apply
to: The Student
Selection and Placement Centre (ÖSYM-YÖS) Karyagdi Sokak N°
28, Asagiayranci Tel: +90(312) 4409172 Fax: +90(312) 4406895 Recognition
of studies & qualifications: Studies
pursued in foreign countries (bodies dealing with recognition of foreign
credentials): Equivalence Unit
(YÖK), The Council of Higher Education Head: Tugmac Sayrac, Executive Board
Member 06539
Bilkent-Ankara Tel: +90(312) 2987083 Fax: +90(312) 2664759 Telex: 42839 tcyk tr EMail: sayrac@yok.gov.tr Deals
with credential recognition for entry to: University Services
provided & students dealt with: Body responsible for questions relating to the
recognition of studies, diplomas and degrees at the associate's, the bachelor's
and the master's level (foreign students and native students who studied
abroad). It may also set criteria for validation. Special
provisions for recognition: For the
exercise of a profession: A foreign national is allowed to practise his profession
in Turkey if he holds a work permit and has the necessary qualifications
approved by a diploma validated by YÖK. Multilateral
agreements concerning recognition of foreign studies Name of
agreement: Bologna Declaration Year of signature: 2001 Name of
agreement: Unesco Convention of Recognition of Studies and Qualifications in Higher
Education in Europe Year of
signature: 1979 References
to further information on foreign student admissions and recognition of studies Title: Higher Education for
Foreign Students in Turkey Author: Student Selection
and Placement Centre (ÖSYM) Publisher: ÖSYM Title: The System of
Student Selection and Placement in Higher Education Institutions Author: Student Selection
and Placement Centre (ÖSYM) Publisher:
ÖSYM STUDENT LIFE Main
student services at national level Office of
Information, Student Selection and Placement Centre (ÕSYM) Karyagdi Sokak 28,
Asagiayranci Category
of services provided: Social and welfare services; Academic and career
counselling services Health/social
provisions Foreign
student social security provisions: Medical and accident insurance for foreign
students is not obligatory, but foreign students are generally advised to take
out an insurance in their country before they leave. Special
student travel fares: By road:
Yes By rail:
Yes By air: Yes Available
to foreign students: Yes Student
expenses and financial aid Student
costs: Home
students tuition fees: Minimum: 25000000 (Turkish Lira) Maximum:
230000000
(Turkish Lira) Publications
on student services and financial aid: Title: Study Abroad
2000-2001 Publisher:
UNESCO/IBE Year of
publication: 1999 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION & EXCHANGES Principal
national bodies responsible for dealing with international cooperation and
exchanges in higher education: General Directorate
of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education Bakanliklar Tel: +90(312) 4182189 GRADING SYSTEM Usual
grading system in secondary school Full
Description: 0-5. 5=excellent; 4= good; 3= satisfactory; 2 = passing; 1 = failing; 0=
failing and not included in general calculation. Highest
on scale: 5 Pass/fail
level: 3/2 Lowest
on scale: 1 Main
grading system used by higher education institutions Full
Description: Marking systems vary. Many universities use a 1-4, 1-5, 1-10 (maximum) or
1-10 (minimum) scale. Degrees are graded on a 50-100 scale: 85-100 pekiyi;
65-84 iyi; 50-64 orta; 50 geçer; 0-49 geçmez. Highest
on scale: 100 Lowest
on scale: 50 Other
main grading systems Some universities
use single letters (A-F), others use double letters (AA-FF). Vote of jury
examiners NOTES ON HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM Interuniversity Board is
responsible for questions relating to the recognition of studies, diplomas and
degrees at the Ph.D level. It may also set criteria concerning validation. Data for
academic year: 2001-2002 Source: The Council of Higher Education, Ankara, 2002 Copyright © International Associations of Universities |
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