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EuroEducation.net The European Education Directory |
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Structure of Educational System Pre-higher Education System Higher Education System Administrative structure of higher education Admissions to Higher Education and Recognition |
INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS Types of higher education
institutions: Universität
(University) Technische
Universität/ Technische Hochschule (Technical University) Pädagogische
Hochschule (Teacher Training College) Kunsthochschule/Musikhochschule
(College of Art/College of Music) Fachhochschule
(University of Applied Sciences) School leaving and higher education
credentials: Allgemeine
Hochschulreife/Abitur Fachgebundene
Hochschulreife Fachhochschulreife Diplom-Vorprüfung Bachelor Diplom (FH) Combined Diploma Diplom Magister Artium Staatsprüfung Staatsprüfung für
das Lehramt Lizentiat Magister Master Promotion Doktor Habilitation Lehrbefugnis als
Privatdozent STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM Pre-higher
education: Duration
of compulsory education: Age of
entry: 6 Age of
exit: 15 Structure of school system: Primary Type of
school providing this education: Grundschule (Berlin and Brandenburg) Length
of program in years: 6 Age level from: 6 to: 12 Primary Type of
school providing this education: Grundschule (in most Länder) Length
of program in years: 4 Age level from: 6 to: 10 Lower Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Hauptschule (in Nord Rhine Westphalia) Length
of program in years: 6 Age
level from: 10 to: 16 Certificate/diploma awarded: Hauptschulabschluss Lower Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Hauptschule (in most Länder) Length
of program in years: 5 Age
level from: 10 to: 15 Certificate/diploma awarded: Hauptschulabschluss Lower Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Gymnasium (in most Länder) Length
of program in years: 9 Age
level from: 10 to: 19 Certificate/diploma awarded: Allgemeine
Hochschulreife/Abitur Lower Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Realschule (in Berlin and Brandenbrug) Length
of program in years: 4 Age
level from: 12 to: 16 Certificate/diploma awarded: Realschulabschluss Lower Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Realschule (in most Länder) Length
of program in years: 6 Age
level from: 10 to: 16 Certificate/diploma awarded: Mittlerer
Schulabschluss (Realschulabschluss) Integrated Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Berufsaufbauschule Length
of program in years: 1 Age
level from: 16 to: 17 Certificate/diploma awarded: Fachhochschulreife Higher Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Berufliches Gymnasium/Fachgymnasium Length
of program in years: 3 Age
level from: 16 to: 19 Certificate/diploma awarded: Hochschulreife Higher Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Gymnasiale Oberstufe (Since 1977) Length
of program in years: 3 Age
level from: 16 to: 19 Certificate/diploma awarded: Allgemeine
Hochschulreife/Abitur Specialized
Secondary Type of
school providing this education: Fachoberschule Length
of program in years: 2 Age
level from: 16 to: 18 Certificate/diploma awarded: Fachhochschulreife Technical Type of
school providing this education: Fachschule Length
of program in years: 3 Certificate/diploma awarded: Fachhochschulreife Vocational Type of
school providing this education: Berufsschule Length
of program in years: 3 Age
level from: 15 to: 18 Certificate/diploma awarded: Hauptschulabschluss,
Mittlerer Schulabschluss, Fachhochschulreife Vocational Type of
school providing this education: Berufsfachschule Length
of program in years: 2 Age
level from: 16 to: 18 Certificate/diploma
awarded: Fachhochschulreife School
education: Primary education (Grundschule)
lasts for four years in most Länder except Berlin and Brandenburg where it
lasts for six years. The secondary school system (grades 5/7 to 12/13) in the
Länder is divided in educational paths (depending on the Land) with the
respective leaving certificates and qualifications for which different school
types and/or school careers are responsible. All types of vocational schools
(grade 10/11 onwards) offer the opportunity to acquire general education
certificates. There are general secondary education schools, special schools
for the physically or mentally handicapped within the system of general and
vocational education, and full- or part-time vocational schools (10th/11th
grade on). Four main types of general secondary schools covering compulsory
schooling exist: Haupschule, Realschule, Gymnasium and Gesamtschule. Secondary
education is compulsory and tuition is free. Textbooks and other school
material are either free or lent out. From grade 10, pupils may obtain grants
if no other financial sources exist. Types of schools differ according to
Länder. Higher
education: There are public and private
state-recognized institutions of higher education categorized as: 1.
universities (Universitäten) and equivalent higher education institutions
(Technische Hochschulen/Technische Universitäten,
Universitäten-Gesamthochschulen, Pädagogische Hochschulen); 2. Colleges of art
and music (Kunsthochschulen and Musikhochschulen); 3. Fachhochschulen
(universities of applied sciences) and Verwaltungsfachhochschulen and company
training centres. Since the early 1990s, the structure of higher education
study and the internal organization have been the subject of reform. This has
involved a review of the standard periods of study and examination requirements
and improvements in teaching and a separation of study aimed at preparing
students for the practice of a profession and the qualification of a new
generation of academics and scientists. One priority is to expand
Fachhochschulen and consolidate applied research and technology transfer.
Institutions of higher education will be granted further autonomy. Some Länder
have already amended their laws on higher education accordingly. Following the
adoption in 1998 of the Amendment to the Framework Act for Higher Education,
further reform concerning the staff structure and recruitment requirements for
professors was introduced through the Act's amendment in 2002. An alternative
to institutions of higher education is provided by Berufsakademien. These professional
academies have taken the principle of the dual system of vocational education
and applied it to the tertiary sector. The qualifications they award are
recognized as tertiary sector qualifications that fall under the EU directive
on higher education degrees by a resolution of the Standing Conference of the
Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder of 29 September 1995. Main
laws/decrees governing higher education: Decree: Amendment to the Framework Act
for Higher Education Year: 2002 Decree: Higher Education
Acts of the 16 Länder Concerns: Higher education institutions
of each Land, taking into account the rather general regulations of the
Hochschulrahmengesetz Decree: Hochschulrahmengesetz
(Framework Act for Higher Education) Year: 1976 Concerns:
Higher
education institutions in general. Academic
year: Classes
from: Oct to: Jul Languages
of instruction: German, English Stages
of studies: Non-university level post-secondary studies
(technical/vocational type): Non-university
level: Non-university
tertiary education is provided by the Höhere Fachschulen and Akademien. These
institutions offer advanced technical courses to holders of the Abitur or
Fachhochschulreife who have at least two years' practical training experience.
Courses include periods of practical training and last three to four years.
Successful completion of the courses leads to the award of a professional title
in the student's specialization. The abbreviation grad is included on the
certificate to indicate the practical emphasis of the course.Berufsakademien
are established in 8 Länder. The Zeugnis der Allgemeinen Hochschulsreife,
fachgebundene Hochschulreife or Fachhochschulreife is required for admission,
together with a training contract with a company. Students are registered to
study by the company responsible for their training. The courses alternate
periods of study with periods of on-the-job training. The first two years
consist of basic studies followed by one year of advanced study. At the end of
the course, students are awarded a qualification for entry to a profession,
e.g. Diplom-Ingenieur in Engineering, Diplom-Betriebswirt in Business
Management. The word Berufsakademie or the initials BA are added to this title
to distinguish it from other forms of higher education Diplom.Fachhochschulen
(universities of applied sciences) offer application-oriented study courses
mainly in Engineering, Economics, Social Work, Public and legal Administration
and Health and Therapy. A Diplomgrad (Diplom degree) is awarded after the
Diplomprüfung (Diploma examination), e.g., Diplom-Ingenieur (FH). The initials
"FH" are added to the Diplom degrees from Fachhochschulen. According
to the Regelstudienzeit (guideline period defined for each programme of study),
a degree programme at Fachhochschulen should be completed in 6/8 semesters (2
semesters = 1 academic year), practical semesters excluded/included. Success
in the final academic examination
usually qualifies the candidate for a particular profession. Some
Fachhochschulen have adopted a similar approach to the Berufsakademien,
particularly in Engineering and Business Management, and have introduced
"courses of study combined with practice" (Studiengänge im
Praxisverbund) also called "cooperative courses of study"
(kooperative Studiengänge). The students have training or employment contracts.
A Diplomgrad to which the word Fachhochschule is added is conferred upon
completion. Fachhochschulen also confer Bachelor's and Master's degrees. University level studies: University
level first stage: Grundstudium: Stage I, or basic studies (Grundstudium), usually
lasting four semesters (2 academic years) at universities culminate in an
intermediate examination (Diplom-Vorprüfung, Zwischenprüfung). This examination
gives the right to continue in Stage II (Hauptstudium). A degree is not
awarded. Since 1998, a basic higher education degree, the Bachelor (or
Baccalaureatus) has been introduced in universities and Fachhochschulen
requiring a minimum of three years' study (maximum four years). It normally
leads to a career. University
level second stage: Hauptstudium: Stage II consists of more advanced studies
(Hauptstudium) leading to the final degree examination. The Hauptstudium
usually lasts for five more semesters and leads to the award of the Diplom. The
Magister is awarded by universities, predominantly in the Arts, on the basis of
the Magister examination. The course of study comprises either two equally
weighed major subjects or a combination of one major and two minor subjects. As
a first degree, the Magister is usually awarded as a Magister Artium/MA without
specifying individual subjects. The Magistergrad can also be awarded at the end
of one or two years' postgraduate studies following upon the acquisition of a
first degree. Alongside this one-tier system, a two-tier system leading to a
BA/BSc after three to four years and an MA/MSc after another one to two years
has been recently introduced. University
level third stage: Promotion: Doctoral studies are
only pursued in universities
(Universitäten).The period of doctoral studies, known as the Promotion,
consists of two to four years' independent research and the submission of a
thesis following the award of the Diplom/Erstes Staatsexamen/Magister Artium.
The title of Doktor is conferred following upon a written thesis and either an
oral examination or the defence of a thesis. The Habilitation is a
post-doctoral qualification proving ability to teach and engage in research in
an academic subject. It is awarded by the departments of universities and
equivalent higher education institutions, usually on the basis of a
post-doctoral thesis and a public lecture followed by a discussion. Following
the amendment of the Framework Act for Higher Education in 2002, the
Habilitation will be phased out as a recruitment requirement for professors. Teacher education: Training
of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers All pre-school teachers are trained at upper
secondary level. Teachers for Grundschule are trained in three-and-a-half years
in universities and in Colleges of Art and Music. Courses incorporate general
education and school education, as well as psychology. There is at least one
practical training period of several weeks and at least one guided
didactics/subject related didactics placement. Teachers must pass the first
Staatsprüfung (State examination) in usually two subjects and in educational
sciences. Training at universities is followed by two years of preparatory
service (Vorbereitungsdienst) culminating in the second Staatsprüfung (State
examination). Training
of secondary school teachers Secondary school teachers (Hauptschule,
Realschule, Gymnasium and vocational school teachers) are also trained in universities. Secondary school teachers
are subject specialists. They must take two specialist subjects. All teachers are required to undergo
in-service training (Lehrerfortbildung) at the state institutes for in-service
teacher training. Further teacher training (Lehrerweiterbildung) is designed to
enable teachers to teach an additional subject or subject area and also offers
qualifications for another type of teaching post. Teachers must pass the first
Staatsprüfung (State examination) in usually two subjects and in educational
sciences. Training at universities is followed by two years of preparatory
service (Vorbereitungsdienst) culminating in the second Staatsprüfung (State
examination). Training
of higher education teachers There is no legal
provision for special training for teaching staff. Recruitment requirements for
higher education teachers usually are the title of Doktor and for professors
the Habilitation or equivalent academic achievements. Academic ranks include
Assistent, Oberassistent, Lektor,
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter, Lehrkraft für besondere Aufgaben,
Dozent, Professor. Following the amendment of the Framework Act for Higher
Education in 2002, the Assistant and Oberassistent will be replaced by the
Juniorprofessor and the Habilitation will give way to accumulative forms of
proving academic achievement. Non-traditional studies: Distance
higher education Distance learning courses are subject to approval
- under the terms of Fernunterrichtsschutzgesetz (Correspondence Course
Protective Law) - by the Staatliche Zentralstelle für Fernunterricht der Länder
der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Central
office for distance learning). Approval procedure includes an examination of
the teaching course objectives, advertising practices, and the form and content
of the contract concluded between the course participants and the
distance-learning institution. Courses leading to a Diplom and Magister are
offered by the Fernuniversität Hagen, distance Fachhochschulen and a number of
institutions. Distance learning associations have been set up at
Fachhochschulen in a number of regions. In addition, the
Akademiker-Gesellschaft für Erwachsenenfortbildung runs a Hochschule für
Berufstätige, a private, state-recognized institution that offers higher
education to those already in employment in Rendsburg and Stuttgart. It offers
courses in Business Management, Industrial Engineering and Business Computing. Lifelong
higher education The 13 Länder have specific legislation on
continuing education (Weiterbildung). In addition, the higher education acts
contain regulations to deal with the development of continuing education
opportunities at an academic level. In most Länder, the educational leave acts
allow employed persons to obtain time off
(usually 5 days), every year on full pay, in order to take part in
continuing education programmes. Higher
education training in industry Continuing vocational education is offered to
working mothers who took time off to bring up a family and wish to return to
work. It is also offered at supra-company level, by companies themselves, by
the industrial and business associations and the chambers of trade and
industry, trade unions and Volkshochschulen (local adult education centres). Other
forms of non-formal higher education General and
political continuing education, Volkshochschulen, facilities supported by the
churches, trade union education foundations, political parties, mass
organizations, public authorities, radio and television play an important role. NATIONAL BODIES Administration
& co-ordination: Responsible
authorities: Federal Ministry of
Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) Head: Edelgard Bulmahn, Minister Heinemannstrasse
2 Tel: +49(228) 57-0 Fax: +49(228) 573-601 EMail: bmbf@bmbf.bund.de WWW: http://www.bmbf.de Secretariat of the
Standing Conference of Ministers of
Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany Head: Erich Thies, Secretary-General Administrative officer: Christian
Thieme , Deputy-Secretary-General International relations: Klaus Eichner Lennestrasse
6 Postfach 2240 Tel: +49(228)501-0 Fax: +49(228) 501-777 EMail: internationales@kmk.org WWW: http://www.kmk.org Role of governing
body: Unites
the ministers and senators of the Länder responsible for education, higher
education and cultural affairs in order to present a common viewpoint and
represent common interests. It is based on an agreement between the Länder. A
list of the addresses of the ministries of the 16 Länder is available on the
Website of the Kultusministerkonferenz at
http://www.kmk.org/auf-org/home.htm?adress Conference of
Rectors and Presidents of Universities and other Higher Education Institutions
(Hochschulrektorenkonferenz) (HRK) Head: Klaus Landfried, President Administrative officer: Jürgen Hess,
Secretary-General International relations: Christian
Tauch Ahrstrasse
39 Tel: +49(228) 887-20 Fax: +49(228) 887-180 EMail: sekr@hrk.de;
tauch@hrk.de WWW: http://www.hrk.de Federal
Government-Länder Commission for Educational Planning and Research Promotion
(BLK) Hermann-Ehler-Str.
10 Tel: +49(228) 5402-0 Fax: +49(228) 5402-150 EMail: blk@blk-bonn.de WWW: http://www.blk-bonn.de German Academic
Exchange Service/Office allemand d'échanges universitaires/Deutscher
Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) Head: Theodor Berchem, President Administrative officer: Christian
Bode, Secretary-General Kennedyallee
50 Tel: +49(228) 882-0 Fax: +49(228) 882-444 EMail: postmaster@daad.de WWW: http://www.daad.de German Association
of University Professors (Deutscher Hochschulverband (DHV)) Head: Hartmut Schiedermair, President Administrative officer: Michael
Hartmer, Secretary Rheinallee
18 Tel: +49(228) 902-6666 Fax: +49(228) 902-6680 EMail: dhv@hochschulverband.de WWW: http://www.hochschulverband.de Accreditation
Council (Akkreditierungsrat) Head: Heide Naderer, President PF 20 14
48 Tel: +49(228) 302-283 Fax: +49(228) 302-278 EMail: sekr@akkreditierungsrat.de WWW: http://www.akkreditierungsrat.de ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION Admission
to non university higher education studies Name of
secondary school credential required: Fachgebundene Hochschulreife For entry to: All programmes. Name of
secondary school credential required: Allgemeine Hochschulreife/Abitur For entry to: All programmes. Name of
secondary school credential required: Fachhochschulreife For
entry to: All programmes. Alternatives
to credentials: Interview, test grades,
aptitude test, temporary registration for a trial study period. Numerus
clausus/restrictions: Some courses are subject to a
numerus clausus and places are allocated through a central selection procedure.
Courses not included in the national selection may be subject to local
selection by the higher education institutions. Selection criteria are based on
the Abitur average mark, time between Abitur and application to the
institution, etc. Admission
to university-level studies Name of
secondary school credential required: Fachhochschulreife For entry to: All types of programmes at
Fachhochschulen. Name of
secondary school credential required: Fachgebundene Hochschulreife For entry to: Subject-restricted programmes. Name of
secondary school credential required: Allgemeine Hochschulreife/Abitur For
entry to: All programmes. Alternatives
to credentials: Interview, test grades, aptitude test, temporary registration for a trial
study period. Completion of evening courses by employed adults or day school
courses for pupils with work experience at Kollegs who hold a
Niachtschülerprüfung (school examination for external candidates) or a
Begabtenprüfung (examination for gifted working applicants). Numerus
clausus/restrictions: There is a numerus clausus in certain subjects: e.g.
Architecture, Business Administration, Biology and Food Technology. Such
courses may differ from one semester to the next. Places for these courses are
allocated through a central selection procedure. Courses outside the national
selection procedure may be subject to local selection procedures at certain
higher education institutions on criteria such as average mark in the higher
education entrance examination, the waiting period and social criteria. Foreign
students admission Admission
requirements: Students should hold a prior qualification equivalent to the higher
education entrance qualification in the home country. Applications for
admission and recognition of foreign certificates should be addressed to the
Akademische Auslandsamt (Foreign student service) of the institution at least 1
year in advance. If home qualifications are not recognized, candidates must sit
for a special examination (Feststellungsprüfung). Preparatory courses at
Studienkollegs are available. Entry
regulations: Residence permits are obtained at German diplomatic missions. Language
requirements: Good knowledge of German is essential. Students must pass a special
language examination. Most universities offer German courses for foreign
students. Some universities offer international study programmes where at least
half the courses are taught in English. Application
procedures: Apply to
individual institution for entry to: All programmes. Recognition
of studies & qualifications: Studies
pursued in home country (System of recognition/accreditation): In order to
guarantee the equivalence of academic degrees and enable students to move
freely between higher education institutions, the German Rectors' Conference
and the Standing Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of
the Länder agree on general conditions for academic examinations (Diplom exams
at universities and Fachhochschulen and Magister exams). For individual courses
these are then complemented by framework examination regulations (Diplom exams)
or by conditions specific to the subject (Magister exams).Courses leading to
Bachelor's or Master's degrees are regulated by the Standing Conference's
agreement on Structural Requirements. Depending on the Land law, these courses
may be or have to be accredited by an accreditation agency that must be
accredited by the national accreditation council (Akkreditierungsrat) founded
in 1998. The objective of the accreditation is to guarantee minimum standards
in terms of academic content and to check the vocational relevance of the
degrees. Studies
pursued in foreign countries (bodies dealing with recognition of foreign
credentials): Deutscher
Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) Head: Christian Bode Administrative officer: Maren Ruhfus,
Person in Charge of Mobility Kennedyallee
50 Tel: +49(228) 882-0 Fax: +49(228) 882-444 WWW: http://www.daad.de NARIC/Secretariat of
the Standing Conference of Ministers of Education and Culture Head: Holger Conrad PO Box
2240 Tel: +49(228) 501-203 Fax: +49(228) 501-229 EMail: zab@kmk.org WWW: http://www.kmk.org Deals
with credential recognition for entry to: University and Profession Services
provided & students dealt with: Evaluation and recommendation of school leaving
certificates for admission to higher education on demand of university
admission offices; recommendation on intermediate examinations and higher
education examinations and degrees Multilateral
agreements concerning recognition of foreign studies Name of
agreement: Convention On the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher
Education in Europe Year of signature: 1979 Name of
agreement: Lisbon Convention (not ratified) Year of
signature: 1997 Bilateral
agreements concerning recognition of foreign credentials Year of
signature: 1999 Country/state involved: Russian Federation Year of
signature: 1991 Country/state involved: Hungary Year of
signature: 1996 Country/state involved: Spain Year of
signature: 1995 Country/state involved: Switzerland Year of
signature: 1998 Country/state involved: Poland Year of
signature: 1983 Country/state involved: Austria Year of
signature: 1983 Country/state involved: Netherlands Year of
signature: 1998 Country/state involved: Italy Name of
agreement: Joint Declaration Year of
signature: 1990 Country/state
involved: France References
to further information on foreign student admissions and recognition of studies Title: http://www.campus-germany.de:
website on life and education in Germany Author: German Academic Exchange
Service (DAAD) Title: Studying in Germany
- Information for Foreign Students on Universities Author: German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) Publisher: German Academic Exchange
Service (DAAD) Title: The Education System
in the Federal Republic of Germany 2000 Publisher:
Eurydice
http://www. eurydice.org/Eurybase/frameset_eurybase.html Year of
publication: 2001 STUDENT LIFE Main
student services at national level German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) Kennedyallee 50 Tel: +49(228) 882-0 Fax: +49(228) 882-444 Telex: 885515 daad d EMail: postmastert@daad.de WWW: http://www.daad.de Category
of services provided: Academic and career counselling services Services
available to foreign Students: Yes National
student associations and unions German National
Association for Student Affairs Weberstrasse, 55 Tel: +49(228) 269-060 Fax: +49(228) 269-063 EMail: dsw@dsw.bn.shuttle.de WWW: http://www.studentenwerke.de Special
student travel fares: By rail:
Yes Available
to foreign students: Yes Student
expenses and financial aid Student
costs: Home
students tuition fees: Minimum: 0 (Euro) Bodies
providing information on student financial aid: Deutsche Stiftung
für internationale Entwicklung (DSE) Tulpenfeld 5 Tel: +49(228) 2434-5 Fax: +49(228) 2434-766 EMail: dse@dse.de WWW: http://www.dse.de Deals
with: Grants
and Loans German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) Kennedyallee, 50 Tel: +49(228) 882-0 Fax: +49(228) 882-444 EMail: postmaster@daad.de WWW: http://www.daad.de Deals
with: Grants
and Loans German National
Merit Foundation (Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes e.V). Ahrstrasse 41 Tel: +49(228) 820-96-0 Fax: +49(228) 820-96-67 EMail: info@studienstiftung.de WWW: http://www.studienstiftung.de Publications
on student services and financial aid: Title: Scholarships and
Funding for Foreign Students, Graduates and Academics Author: German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) Publisher: German Academic Exchange
Service (DAAD) Title: Study abroad
2000-2001 Publisher:
UNESCO/IBE Year of
publication: 1999 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION & EXCHANGES Principal
national bodies responsible for dealing with international cooperation and
exchanges in higher education: Deutscher
Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) and
its offices worldwide Head: Christian Bode,
Secretary-General Kennedyallee,
50 Tel: +49(228) 882-0 Fax: +49(228) 882-444 EMail: postmaster@daad.de WWW: http://www.daad.de Participation
of country in multilateral or bilateral higher education programmes Name of
exchange programme: COMETT Name of
exchange programme: ERASMUS Name of
exchange programme: LINGUA Name of
exchange programme: PETRA Name of
exchange programme: TEMPUS GRADING SYSTEM Usual
grading system in secondary school Full
Description: 1: sehr gut; 2: gut; 3: befriedigend; 4: ausreichend; 5: mangelhaft; 6:
ungenügend. In the gymnasiale Oberstufe, marks equal points: 1 = 15 points; 2 =
12 points; 3 = 9 points; 4 = 6 points; 5 = 3 points; 6 = 0 points. Highest
on scale: 1 Pass/fail
level: 4/5 Lowest
on scale: 6 |